Therapeutic Potential of Iron and Vanadium Complexes: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Biomedical Perspectives

• Dr.R.Jeevi Esther Rathnakumari

  english

  Author

Transition metal complexes have attracted remarkable scientific attention due to their diverse coordination chemistry and broad range of biomedical applications. Among various transition metals, iron and vanadium complexes have emerged as highly promising compounds because of their unique redox properties, multiple oxidation states, structural versatility, and significant biological activities. The present review focuses on the coordination chemistry, antimicrobial potential, antioxidant behavior, and biomedical applications of iron and vanadium complexes, with particular emphasis on Schiff base ligand systems. Iron complexes are widely recognized for their excellent biocompatibility, enzyme-mimetic properties, antioxidant activity, and lower toxicity, whereas vanadium complexes exhibit strong antimicrobial, anticancer, insulin-mimetic, and catalytic properties. Coordination of ligands with iron and vanadium ions significantly enhances the stability, lipophilicity, and therapeutic efficiency of the resulting complexes. Recent studies reveal that these complexes exhibit considerable inhibitory activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, fungal pathogens, and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Their biological activity is strongly influenced by factors such as oxidation state, ligand geometry, donor atoms, and substituent groups. Furthermore, iron and vanadium complexes interact effectively with DNA, proteins, and microbial enzymes, contributing to their pharmacological and antimicrobial mechanisms. Advances in nanotechnology and bioinorganic chemistry have further expanded their applications in targeted drug delivery, biosensors, and therapeutic formulations. Comparative investigations suggest that vanadium complexes generally demonstrate superior antimicrobial and anticancer properties, while iron complexes show enhanced antioxidant activity and better biological compatibility. Despite significant advancements, challenges related to toxicity, stability, and clinical applicability still remain. This review summarizes recent developments in the coordination chemistry and therapeutic applications of iron and vanadium complexes and discusses future research perspectives for developing novel metal-based therapeutic agents.

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